@FoxAndDeer
Whenever we were out with our bolt action rifles it was standard practice to leave the bolts in and closed but with no magazine inserted.
This was to like you say keep the action clean and also there will be a element of it's not going to get lost whilst soldering.
Once any weapon is drawn from the armoury its shown to be safe by the guys in the armoury and a verbal declaration is made to the words off "this rifle is unloaded " you then inspect the weapon yourself and then release the bolt and fire off the action then apply the safety.
At this point you can carry the weapon around as normal just being mindful of muzzle awareness.
if you were to pass the weapon to someone else you have to show its unload by opening the bolt and holding open the action and visually show and declare its unloaded to the person, said person confirms it's clear and then let's the bolt forward and fires off the action and safety back on.
like said if on a range these NSP's Normal safety precautions are always in place with additional layers of inspection to ensure no weapon leaves the firing point loaded
On exercise or operations there is going to be times when a rifle is classed as
Loaded
Or
Loaded and made ready
Load is the command to insert a magazine (but not cock the weapon) it's very common to have the weapon in this state for prolonged periods of time for obvious reasons.
if you were to pass your rifle to someone you would have to preform the drill known as "make safe" which is removing the magazine and showing the weapon is clear, fire off the action then re insert the magazine and say this rifle is made safe, rounds in the magazine but no rounds in the chamber.
Loaded and made ready is when on active service or exercise where you are expected to be able to return fire in a instance so this is magazine inserted and rifle cocked with the safety catch on and selector switch set to semi auto if on a full auto.
The same process happens to pass over a rifle in this state, you can make it safe and pass over or you may just say this rifle is loaded and made ready, but itself ***** flying and your slogging it out it's just known what staye the guns in.
These mechanisms do work on the whole and everyone I ever met in my time stayed safe and followed the drill to the letter.
hope that helps