Well it's a load of old tosh here in UK as far as shotguns are concerned.
In UK when the gun is new (or first proofed if an import) the internal bore diameter 9" ahead of the breech is measured.
This diameter (and if it is a 65mm, 70mm, 76mm chamber) is then stamped on the barrels. Now if subsequently the barrel wears or is re-bored more than ten thou of an inch from that stamped diameter it's out of proof.
Now it's a nonsense for the reason that it takes no account of barrel wall thickness.
So:
1) A gun might be out of proof yet the barrels (as on a Greener GP) still be massively thick and safe. Yet in the UK that gun is out of proof.
2) A gun might have perfect original bore diameter internally yet have been struck off (sanded down outside for want of a better description) and re-blacked so often the barrel walls are paper thin. Yet in the UK that gun is in proof.
So it's total tosh. In France where they do it "better" the barrels are also weighed when first made or first proofed.
That weight as well as the bore diameter are then marked on the barrels. So a measure internally will show internal wear and if none present a weight check will show external barrel wear from being struck off repeatedly.
Last lengthening a chamber...this is good sense...puts a gun out of proof. As a 70mm cartridge was historically a higher shot weight and higher pressure load than a 65mm cartridge.