I remember reading a book about basic gunsmithing (a few years ago ). it was an old book, but, in there I seam to remember a bit about re-chambering a rifle with out a lathe. I cant remember exactly how it was done as I kind of skimmed through that bit.
I'll answer YOUR question with a question.
Can you tap a piece of steel, with a pre-drilled hole in it, for a bolt without a lathe?
Say where you are going from a 6mm bolt to an 8mm bolt?
Of course you can. You do it by hand. In fact most precision 22 Rimfire rilfes used to be so done.
And for the average man without a precision lathe in fact it is the best way to go if you do it right and have reamers suitable. And assuming that you have a piece of full length rifled but un-chambered barrel.
If you go on the American forums you will get a lot of people that have done just that.
So you could go from an existing barrel already chambered in 308 to 30-06 to 308 Norma Magnum doing it by hand. And probably just about "get away" with just using finishing reamers. As a "one off".
As far as Proof is concerned that is always a wise thing to do, just to cover yourself, AND if you have any intent on using the thing where a third party may be involved. But essentially Proof is concerned about protecting "the paying public" so no, if it is for you and you alone then it does not legally have to be proved. But if it is to be transferred from you to another (either an individual OR an RFD) by sale either directly or indirectly or by auction then it must be "in Proof".
There's a lot of hogwash talked here about doing things that just because it is a firearm seem shrouded in "mystery" yet if you did the exact same thing, to the exact same precision on something that was not a firearm, it would be no "mystery" but "simples"!
I've had guns repaired by good, expert, precision welders who as long as you explain what is needed and why; and what can get hot and what can't get hot grasp the concept very quickly. Guys that wouldn't know one end of a gun from another but are expert in welding and metallurgy.